Scientific Names Plerogyra sinuosa Dana 1846 Physogyra lichtensteini Edwards and Haime 1851
Common Names Bubble Coral, Pearl Coral, Bladder Coral Colour Usually whitish gray, bluish gray, or brown. Sometimes green, especially the unidentified Plerogyra species described below. Plerogyra sinuosa often has a cats-eye appearance in the bubbles. Distinguishing Characteristics Three species of bubble corals are imported from Indonesia, Plerogyra sinuosa Dana, 1846 , Pbysogyra lichtensteini Edwards and Haime, 1851, and an unidentified Plerogyra sp. All have bubble-like polyp vesicles, light...
Nutrient Deficiencies And Excesses
An excess or deficiency of one or more nutrients can cause problems to both fish and plants in the aquarium. Because plants have no control over the amounts of some of the nutrients they absorb such as copper excesses can cause fundamental problems within individual cells that in turn affect the entire plant Providing a correct balance of nutrients without supplying too much or too little of any particular nutrient is very difficult. The levels of most nutrients cannot be easily determined and...
Lythraceae
WO 196 fWP643 pH 5.8-7 22-26 soft 3 In aquarium literature this plant is incorrectly na ted as R. rotundifolia. It is a native of Asia, later naturalised in the paddy fields of Italy. The ' have a horizontal creeping stem on wet soil. The dark green aerial leaves are spathulate and 0.5-1 cm long and 0.3-0.5 cm broad. They bear pink flowers on the axes of the leaves. Submerged leaves are spathulate, light green on upper surface and whitish green below. They prefer slightly acidic water. Rota a...
Sexual propagation
In the wild, many aquatic plants reproduce sexually, much like terrestrial plants, by producing flowers and seeds, or spores. When a flower is pollinated with the pollen from another plant of the same species, a viable seed is produced with the potential to grow into a new plant. The combination of genetic information from the two parent plants will produce a genetically different Right The flowers of some aquarium plants are quite stunning in design. Spathiphyllum wallisii produces blooms that...
Belontiidae
These fish possess an unusual feature located in the upper part of the head is a special organ known as the labyrinth - hence their earlier name of Labyrinthidae. They were also formerly known as Anabantidae (meaning climbers), since some can scramble out onto land. The labyrinth, in fact, allows them to breathe oxygen from the atmosphere. This process is supplemental to the normal function of the gills and represents an adaptation to their habitat, developing in juveniles during the first few...
Nymphaea lotus zenkeri
A beautiful and very varied species with leaves of green to red-brown and varying numbers of purple spots. Before forming floating leaves Nymphaea lotus zenkeri forms many underwater leaves. If you don't want floating leaves, prune the roots and leaves. The beautiful, aromatic flowers can be fully appreciated in open aquariums. A nutritious bottom encourages growth. Often available in a red and a green variety. Recommended as a solitary plant for large aquariums. GROWTH RATE SLOW OO OO FAST...
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Five to seven separate gill openings on each side dorsal fin s and spines, if present, are rigid males without clasper organ on head dermal placoid scales usually present palatoquadrate upperjaw not fused to cranium suspension amphistylic or hyostylic branchial basket mostly behind the neurocranium tooth replacement relatively rapid teeth numerous some ribs usually present spiracle opening remains of hyoidean gill slit usually present. As noted in Maisey 2001b , in modern elasmobranchs the...
Royal Parks and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Nineveh
Babylonian and Assyrian royal parks and hanging gardens were the result of Meso-potamian garden evolution. Some of these parks and gardens may have been public parks for the benefit of the cities in which they were established. However, for the most part, they were for the use and enjoyment of the royal family. Royal parks and gardens were often the site of royal hunts, a place to entertain guests, and a place to keep animals. Tiglath-Pileser I Assyria, 1114-1076 b.c. kept herds of deer,...
Tetras Can Help Cycle Your Tank
These little fish are able to withstand different water types. I'm a fairly new aquarist, and I'm having a problem with one of my freshwater tanks. It is a 20-gallon setup filtered by a Penguin 170 filter with a biowheel. The tank contains no live plants. The problem is that the tank has not cycled after six weeks. I'm certain I caused the problem by putting too great a bioload on the system too soon. Within a week of setting up the tank, I added three platys, six neon tetras, one tri-color...
Bleedingheart Tetra
Distribution Colombia. Description Shape deep-bodied. Color upper part of body grayish green to brown, with light-red sheen the lower part of the body shows a reddish silver color Throat and belly orange, with mother-of-pearl highlights. Red dorsal fin with broad, white-edged black stripes. A vertical black bar through the eye. Size 2Jin (6cm). Sexual differences female bulkier male has pointed, elongated and enlarged dorsal fin, Environment Temperature around 77 F (25 C). pH...
Soapfishes Hawkfishes
SIX-LINED SOAPFISH Grammistes sexlineatus SIZE to27cm 10V lt in. Soapfishes Serranidae ID Black with 6-9 white to gold stripes. Solitary. Under ledges or in recesses of lagoons, reef flats or seaward reefs to 20 m. Indo-Pacific Red Sea and E. Africa to Marquesas Is. in French Polynesia. - S.W. Japan to Australia. MOTTLED SOAPFISH Pseudogramma polyacanthum SIZE to 7.5 cm 3 in. Soapfishes - Serranidae ID Mottled brown large pale-edged dark spot on gill cover. Similar Ocellated Soapfish previous...
Foods and Feeding
Angelfish are carnivores that eat insects, worms, and crustaceans, but not plants or seeds. They may also eat slow-swimming, small fishes. The small invertebrates are rich in fats and proteins (about 50 50) and almost devoid of carbohydrates and fiber. In the wild, angelfish feed casually and lighlly all day long. What should we feed them in captivity, and how often should they be fed Live and frozen animal foods provide the richest and most natural diet tor angelfish. Breeders offer them adult...
Similar Species Parazoanthus spp
Natural Habitat Epizoantbus spp. are found in close association with sponges, hydroids and pagurid crabs. Several species are found growing witliin the body wall of hexactinellid sponges, encrusting hydroids and covering the carapace of deep water pagurid crabs. The zoanthids cover the carapace of the crab, eventually dissolving it awray, completely enclosing the crab, a condition knowrn as carcinoecium Hyman, 1940 . Not all species are exclusively associated with a host sponge or other...
Scarus Psittacus
7-10v O 5B0 26 C sg 1.022 27 cm 300L Scarus rubroviolaceus 360 3, 6-9 -nt C V tei 23 26 C sg 1.022 66 cm 800L 7-10v O 5B0 26 C sg 1.022 27 cm 300L 3. 6-9 'sr O V te S3 26 C sg 1.022 66 cm 800L Scarus rubroviolaceus 360 3, 6-9 -nt C V tei 23 26 C sg 1.022 66 cm 800L 3. 6-9 'sr O V te S3 26 C sg 1.022 66 cm 800L Scarus atrilunula 360 9 xr V t E 26 5-10, 15xr O V S El 26 C sg 1.022 50 cm 500L 7-10 xr O V SE 26 C sg 1.022 70 cm 1000L 7-10 xr O V SE 26 C sg 1.022 70 cm 1000L 7-10 xr -V C V E 26 C sg...
Ophioderma Rubicundum
A Personal Journey and a New Approach to The hustle and glare of miami faded quickly behind us. We were headed south, beyond the reach of the Florida Turnpike, stopping only briefly in the farming town of Florida City for gas and produce. I marveled that the tomatoes, vine ripe in early May, tasted no better than those trucked to the grocery shelves back home in Tennessee. Rolling south on AlA, we crossed the bridge over Card Sound and were in the Keys. Dense tangles of mangroves edged the...
Istiophorus Platypterus
7-8 xr c V te El 26 C sg 1.022 35 cm 400L 7-8 xr c V te El 26 C sg 1.022 35 cm 400L 7-9 xr C V te S 26 C sg 1.022 25 cm 300L 7-9 xr C V te S 26 C sg 1.022 25 cm 300L 9 - r C V te S 26 C sg 1.022 30 cm 300L 9 - r C V te S 26 C sg 1.022 30 cm 300L Siganus javus 410 7, 9 C V te E 26 C 8 - r CvteE 26 C sg 1.022 40 cm 400L 7. 9 r C V te El 26 C sg 1.022 30 cm 300L 7-9 XT -V C V te E 26 C sg 1.022 40 cm 400L Siganus javus 410 7, 9 C V te E 26 C 8 - r CvteE 26 C sg 1.022 40 cm 400L 7-8 xr -V C V te E...
The Order Perciformes
The order Perciformes contains about 150 families and more than 7,500 species (in both fresh and salt water) and is thus the largest and most diversified of any of the fish orders. The composition of this order will vary as controversial issues are settled and others arise. Among the largest families are the Cichlidae (fresh water), Gobiidae, Labridae. Serranidae, Blenniidae, Pomacentridae. and Apogonidae. Snooks and Glassfishes (Plates 115, 254) The snooks (family Centropomidae) have the...
Muraena Melanotis
6, 10 xr v a C 26 C sg 1.022 100 cm 400L Gymnothoraxpermi s tu s 54 9 -Nr C 26 C sg 1.022 75 cm 300L 12-st r -J 26 C sg 1.022 60 cm 300L 12-st r -J 26 C sg 1.022 60 cm 300L 11 -vr -a -X r 26 C sg 1.022 50 cm 500L 11 -vr -a -X r 26 C sg 1.022 50 cm 500L 11 s S 24 C sg 1.024 178 cm 2000L 11 s S 24 C sg 1.024 178 cm 2000L Gymnothorax ramosus 54 Muraena meianotis 54 11 r r -J 24 C sg 1.024 80 cm 800L 13-vr gt r - 26 C sg 1.022 140 cm 1400L 5, 7 s. amp n U 26 C sg 1.022 100 cm 500L 5 7 26C sg 1.022...
Pseudanthias Carberryi
7-8 r 4 V te Er 26 sg 1.022 10 cm 100L 7 -xr -X 4 y te S 26 sg 1.022 11 cm 100L 7 -xr -X 4 y te S 26 sg 1.022 11 cm 100L Mirolabrichthys ignitus 284 7,9v gt CVSE 26 C sg 1.022 10 cm 100L Mirolabrichthys ignitus 284 7,9v gt CVSE 26 C sg 1.022 10 cm 100L Pseudanthias truncatus 284 7 -xr x 4 V te S 26 sg 1.022 10 cm 100L Pseudanthias truncatus 284 7 -xr x 4 V te S 26 sg 1.022 10 cm 100L 7-8 te 26 sg 1.022 10 cm 100L 7-8 r 4 V te Er 26 sg 1.022 10 cm 100L 7-8 te 26 sg 1.022 10 cm 100L 5,7-9 HB 26 C...
Pomacanthidae Hybrid
ID Black undercolor with 5-6 prominent white bars interspaced with narrower blue bars between. Juveniles usually begin color transformation to adult pattern between 8-15 cm. Chaetodontoplus septentrionalis SIZE to 20 cm 8 in. Angelfishes - Pomacanthidae ID Brownish orange with bold blue stripes, tail yellow. Uncertain status possibly the female Blue-stripe Angelfish or male Orange-faced Angelfish next . Rock or coral reefs in 5-60 m. Asian Pacific W. Pacific Rim including S. China, Taiwan and...
Subphylum Craniata
Notochord never extends in front of brain cranium present vertebrae usually present cartilage or bone or both present heart chambered red blood corpuscles usually present brain well developed 10 to 12 pairs of cranial nerves dorsal and ventral nerve roots usually united nephridia absent epidermis with several cell layers endostyle only in larval lampreys ammo-coetes and transformed into thyroid tissue in all others sensory capsules present neural crest formation present. The neural crest is a...
TSuperclass Anaspida tClass Anaspida
Six to 15 or more pairs of external lateral gill openings branchial region posteriorly placed with first gill pouch well behind eye as in lampreys eyes large and lateral tail hypocercal with large epichordal lobe perhaps in part or entirely corresponding to the posterior dorsal fin anterior dorsal fin absent, but a series of dorsomedian scutes present unique pectoral spines or rods present anal fin reduced or absent body usually covered with dorsoventrally...
Clown Loach
Distribution Sumatra and Borneo. Description Shape the body is thickset The sides are somewhat compressed, the belly profile almost straight. The dorsal fin arises in front of the ventral tin-four pairs of barbels. Color basic color a bright ora red, marked with three wedge-shaped velvety-bia vertical bars. Typically, all fins at least partly blood red Size, up to 11 in (30cm) Sexual differences unknown Environment In flowing and still waters a bottom fish Temperature 75-86 F...
Series Otophysi
Distinctive modification of anterior four or five vertebrae movable bony ossicles connect the swim bladder to the inner ear for sound transmission. These ossicles are known as the Weberian ossicles, and their ligaments and the associated vertebrae are the Weberian apparatus. Wilhelm Harder, in his 1975 book Anatomy of Fishes, regards the fully functional Weberian apparatus as consisting of the stato-acoustic organ, swim bladder, Weberian ossicles named in honor of E. Weber who described them in...
Nomenclature And Distribution Of Aquarium Fish
The inhabitants of our aquariums - fish, plants, or small invertebrates- all have individual names. These, however, are often the subject of unresolved disputes a single species can, in fact, have several different names Let's try and shed some light on this Xiphophorus helleri exists in a considerable number of varieties hifin, lyretail, wagtail, etc. NAMING FISHES THE CORRECT TERMINOLOGY Scientific and common names Scientific names The scientific name is the only one which is recognized...
Gymnochanda Filamentosa
Distribution Malayan peninsula. Description Shape similar to the ordinary glass perch cf. Chanda ranga . Moderately long, very compressed in profile. Large eyes one-third of head length . No scales. Color transparent. Male, when good color, honey yellow to delicate yellowish brown Body cavity covered with a silvery membrane. Six to ter delicate vertical bars. Reddish mouth. Yellowish, transparent fins. Dark rays to dorsal and anal fins. Female much less brightly colored....
Tongue Coral Characteristics
Caulastrea ecbinulata and C. curvata also expand well when they receive enough light. Caulastrea species feed well at night, hut need not be led at all. Aquarium Reproduction Individual polyps divide into two, three, or four new polyps, and colonies can proliferate rapidly. In C. furcata and C. curvata, boring sponges and worms weaken the columns, causing branches to fall away from the main colony. Such fragmentation produces daughter colonies. Both species are...
Canthigaster Inframacula
Canthigaster margaritata 443 Canthigaster inframacula 443 10 xr- gt sg 1.022 12 cm 150L 6xr- gt lt to E 26 C sg 1.022 15 cm 150L Canthigaster margaritata 443 Canthigaster inframacula 443 10 xr- gt sg 1.022 12 cm 150L 6xr- gt lt to E 26 C sg 1.022 15 cm 150L 13 xr lt to E3 26 C sg 1.022 6 cm 60L 13 lt to' ta 26 C sg 1.022 12 cm 150L 13 xr lt to E3 26 C sg 1.022 6 cm 60L 13 lt to' ta 26 C sg 1.022 12 cm 150L 9xr l to 2 26 C sg 1.022 15 cm 150L 9xr l to 2 26 C sg 1.022 15 cm 150L 6-7, 9 xr x i to...
Cryptocoryne With Brown Tinges
Blyxa alternifollus WP159 WO 159 pH 6-7 J 24-28 soft __4 A demanding plant which is widely distributed in Asia. Even though a true aquatic, it is not commonly found in an aquarium. This plant requires very consistent and stable conditions such as low carbonate hardness 2-3KH , low general hardness and the pH value of 6-7. If any conditions changed, growth will be affected and it will take a long time for it to re-establish. The leaves are grass blades-like with tapering tips arranged in...
The Inshore Zone
One of my favorite spots in the Keys is a huge, bowl-shaped tidepool just off U.S. 1. Protected from wave action by a sea wall of coral rock rubble, this pool is a giant natural aquarium. Dozens of species of macroalgae occur here. By far the most common are members of the large genus Caulerpa. C. prolif ra has a simple flat blade botanically, the assimi-lator that often spirals like a loose corkscrew as it grows upward. C. mexicana has a blade more reminiscent of a fern frond, that is, it is...
Cosmetus Wrasse
Abalisus sieUaiits, Starry Triggerfish, 623 Abax Goby, Eviota abax, 576 a box, Evioia, Abax Goby, 576 abbreviates, Genes, Bluc-backcd SiLver-Biddy, 276 abdominalis, Abudefduf, Maomao, 382 abdominalis. Hippocampus, Big-belly Seahorse, 129 abei, Chaunax, Abe's Sea load, 91 Abe's Sea Toad, Chaunax abei, 91 Ablabys taenianotus, Cockatoo Waspfish, 137 Ablenncs hians, Flat Needlefish, 100 Abrolhos Scorpionfish, Scorpaena sp., 146 Abrolhos Triplefin, Vauclusella sp., 507 Abudefduf abdominalis, Maomao,...
Polyophthalmia Eyes
Baconensis, Got , Ghost Mojarra, 274 bahianus, Acanthurus, Ocean Surgeon, 582 baillonii, Trachinotus, Smallspot Pompano, 250, 254 bairdi, Microspathodon, Bumphead Damselfish, 408 bairdi, Paradiplogrammus, Lancer Dragonct, 538 Bairdiella baiabana, Blue Croaker, 311 bajonado, Calamus, Jolthead Porgy, 291 balanorum, Acanihemblemaria, Clubhead Blenny, 518 Baldchin Tuskfish, Choerodon rubescens, 429 baldtvini, Sen anus, Lantern Bass, 197 Bali Threadfin Bream, Nemipierus balinensis, 305 balinensis,...
From Ocean to Aquarium
The global trade in marine ornamental species Colette Wabnitz, Michelle Taylor, Edmund Green and Tries Razak UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK Tel 44 0 1223 277314 Fax 44 0 1223 277136 E-mail info unep-wcmc.org Website www.unep-wcmc.org The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre is the biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm of the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP , the world's foremost intergovernmental environmental...
The mandarinfish Synchiropus splendidus
Extremely limited scientific information, particularly on its biology and fishery, is available for the small, benthic dragonet of the Western Pacific. All individuals traded for the aquarium industry are taken from the wild and the impact of heavy collection 21,458 individuals based on importers' data or 11,168 individuals based on exporters' data in GMAD, traded within the EU only on fish populations is unknown. It is subject to a sex-selective fishery up to 70 per cent of fish caught are...
Conger Cinereus Aquarium
Canihigasier punctatissimus, Spotted Sharpnose Puller, 651 Canthigasier rapaensis, Rapa Sharpnose Puffcrfish, 652 Canihigasier nvulata, Doubleline Toby, 652 Canihigasier rostrata, Sharpnose Puffer, 651 Canihigasier sanciaehelenae, Saint Helena Sharpnose Puffer, 652 Canihigasier smiihae, Bicolorcd Toby, 650 Canthigasier solandri, False-eye Toby, 653 Canthigasier lyleri, Tyler's Sharpnosed Puffcrfish, 647, 653 Canthigasier valentini, Black-saddlcd Toby, 651 Canton Mudskippcr, Periophthalmus...
Novaculichthys Taeniurus
Naked-head Sea Bream, Gymnocranius griseus, 293, 296 namiyei, Ecsenius, Yellow-tailed Blcnny, 528.07 Nannygai, '1'rachichtho'des affinis, 106 Narcine brasiliensis, Lesser Electric Ray, 42 Narcine brunneus, Brown Electric Ray, 42 narinari, Aeiobaius, Spotted Eagle Ray, 47, 48, 49 Narke jap nica, Japanese Numbfish, 42 Narrow Snouted Tripodfish, Tripodichthys angustifrons, 619 Narrow-bar Damsel, Pleciroglyphidodon dickii, 395 Narrow-barred Butterfiyfish, Amphichaetodon melbae, 350 Narrow-barred...
The scribbled angelfish Chaetodontoplus duboulayi
Anecdotal information has suggested that some populations of the scribbled angelfish Chaetodontoplus duboulayi, pictured may be depleted. Although this information has not as yet been validated by scientific surveys, local fishers in Queensland, Australia, have observed significant fluctuations in population densities over the years and thus have raised concerns. Population estimates between the Keppel Island group and the southern extent of the species in Hervey Bay, Australia, show lower...
Halichoeres Ornatissimus
Haackei, Parapercis, Wavy Grubfish, 504 haackei, Platycephalus, Haackc's Flathead, 72 Haacke's Flathead, Platycephalus haackei, 12 haematoptenis, Corythoichthys, Messmate Pipefish, 128 haematopterus, Lelhrinus, Deep-bodied Emperor, 295 Huemulon aureolineatum, Tomtate, 279 Haemulon chrysargyreum, Smallmouth Grunt, 279 Haemulon Jlaviguiiatum, Pacific Lined Grunt, 280 Haemulon flavolmeaium, French Grunt, 277, 278 Haemulon macrostomum, Spanish Grunt, 279 Haemulon parrai, Sailor's Choice, 278...
Seahorses and Pipefish
These exotic fish of the family Syngnathidae are no strangers to the aquarium trade. The Pipefish lack the characteristic prehensile tail, vertical swimming position, and angled head of the Seahorse. The group is characterized by unusual reproductive behavior, in which the female deposits eggs into an Seahorses are beautiful to watch, but are too delicate for the beginner aquarist to keep. Seahorses are beautiful to watch, but are too delicate for the beginner aquarist to keep. abdominal pouch...
Lutjanus Mahsena
Maccoyii, Thunnus, Southern Blucfin Tuna, 602 maccullochi, F.llerkeldia, McCulloch's Seaperch, 199 machnata, Flops, Ladyfish, 50 macleayi, Atelomycterus, Marbled Cat Shark, 38 Macleay's Crested Pipefish, Histiogamphelus cristatus, 126 macneilli, Assessor, MacNeill's Mini-grouper, 213 MacNeill's Mini-grouper, Assessor macneilli, 213 Macolor niger, Black Beauty, 269, 270 macracantha, Trachypoma, Toadstool Groper, 202 macracanihus, Ambassis, Pcrchlct, 170 macracanihus, Genes, Thread-fin...
Moustache Jawfish
Obbesi , Paraploactis, Weber's Coralline Velvctfish, 159 obesus, Gymnothorax, Speckled Moray, 57 obesus. Thunnus, Bigeye Tuna, 602 obesus, Triaenodon, Whitctip Reef Shark, 38, 40 Oblique-banded Cardinalfish, Apogon semiornatus, 225 obliquus, Neatypus, Western Footballer, 327 Oblong Filefish, Paramonacanthus oblongus, 634 Oblong Rockfish, Sebastes oblongus, 152 oblongus, Paramonacanthus, Oblong Filefish, 634 oblongus, Sebastes, Oblong Rockfish, 152 oblongus, Takifugu, Shy Puffer, 649 obreptus,...
Model Design
Seahorses rank among the most engaging animals in the sea. As seahorse expert Dr. Amanda Vincent likes to say, It's the only fish that holds your hand. Seahorses wrap their prehensile tails around stationary objects, and will use your fingers for that purpose when you have your hands in the tank. Although they are cute and fascinating, seahorses present significant challenges as aquarium specimens. Don't try this model design unless you are prepared to provide your herd with live foods on a...
Table 6 The top ten species of ornamental fish imported into the United States
Totals for number of fish are derived from importers' and exporters' data in GMAD for years 1997 to 2002. Species common to both datasets are in bold. The threespot dascyllus, Dascyiius trimaculatus. The threespot dascyllus, Dascyiius trimaculatus. EC Annex D data show that 106,662 seahorses were reported as imported into the EU between 1997 and 2001. GMAD data for this period show a total of 20,477 seahorses reported as imported into EU countries (or 24,647 specimens between 1996 and 2002)....
Pterocaesio Erythrogaster
S C9 to E 26 C sg 1.022 75 cm 800L Hoplopagrus guentheri 316 3xr X 4 9c to S 26 C sg 1.022 75 cm 800L 3 s C9 to E 26 C sg 1.022 75 cm 800L 7. 9 XT gt i -X fe S 26'JC sg 1.022 90 cm 1 00L Macolor niger juv. 316 7-10 cs fe S3 Symphorus nematophorus 316 7 i i - fe S3 26 C sg 1.022 80 cm 800L 7,9 r gt i fe B 26aC sg 1.022 40 cm 400L 9 -NT -X fe E3 26nC sg 1.022 30 cm 300L Symphorus nematophorus 316 7 i i - fe S3 26 C sg 1.022 80 cm 800L 7,9 r gt i fe B 26aC sg 1.022 40 cm 400L X 4 te eg 26 C sg...
Purchasing Tridacnid Clams
When tridacnid clams are first imported, they generally exhibit a behaviour called gaping. This means that the shell is fully open, the mantle is poorly extended and the inhalant siphon widely stretched. As this condition eventually passes the inhalant siphon will gape less, the shell will not be open as much and the mantle will begin to expand. If, however, the clam is kept under unsuitable light conditions, is damaged or unhealthy, this gaping behaviour will continue and the mantle will begin...
Scientific Name Gorgonia ventalina G flabellum and G mariae
Polyps brown. Distinguishing Characteristics Gorgonia ventalina is the common variety of sea fan, with the branching flattened in the same plane as the fan. It is typically purple, but can also be pale gray or yellow. G. flabellum is distinguished by branches flattened perpendicular to the plane of the fan, and it is more rigid. It may be any of the aforementioned colors, but yellow is most typical. A third species, Gorgonia mariae, has branches that are...
Plants By Mail Order
A good way of obtaining a large number of plants at a lower cost is to buy them through mail order. This has advantages as well as disadvantages. Mail-order suppliers normally offer a much greater choice of plants than a single retailer can stock at any one time, and certain species may be easier to obtain. However, because you are not able to select specimens personally, and as the plants may be in transit for a few days, some of them may not be as good in quality as those from a reputable...
Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha
Britz 2004 made some interesting finds on their reproduction and early life history. Most osteoglossomorphs exhibit some kind of parental care mouthbrooding occurs in Osteoglossum and Scleropages . Unlike most teleosts, adult osteoglossomorphs, except Pantodon and Hiodon, which do not exhibit parental care, possess only the left ovary, the right being absent. Of two major studies of this group, Li and Wilson 1996 and Hilton 2003 , I am more impressed with the...
Fresh Water
This type of water is also known as Continental water, a more accurate term from the scientific point of view. Continental water accounts for only 2.6 of the Earths water, the rest being made up of seas and oceans. Of this volume, 98 consists of sterile water, in the form of glaciers and underground water, leaving only the water of rivers, lakes, and ponds as shelter for living organisms- barely 2 of the total volume of Continental water. The use of a heating kit allows the water in an aquarium...
Scientific Nomenclature
The naming of living things follows a classification scheme known as scientific nomenclature that groups living organisms on the basis of their shared characteristics. Students remember the hierarchy of classification by means of a phrase like, ukeep party clean or father gets sore, each word beginning with the first letter corresponding to the terms kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. Coral taxonomists examine coral skeletal structure to group corals Coral taxonomists...
Propagation
Plants multiply in two basic ways sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction involves the production of spores or seeds that germinate to form new plants. Asexual reproduction embraces a number of vegetative processes by which new plants are produced from various parts of the parent plant. Man has harnessed these entirely natural processes, and extended or adapted them in some cases, to develop a number of reliable propagation techniques that can be applied to a wide range of land and water...
Water Motion
The motion of water affects anemones in several ways. Water brings food and oxygen to the anemone. It also carries away wastes, including respired carbon dioxide. The movement of the tentacles affects the rate of photosynthesis by the zooxanthellae contained there, alternately exposing them to the light and shading them from it, depending on the tentacles' changing position because of the water flow. Anemone species have quite different requirements regarding water motion. For example,...
Family Hispidoberycidae 269hispidoberycids Marine northeastern Indian Ocean and South China
Spinulose scales operculum with a long, stout spine palatine and vomerine teeth present dorsal fin with four or five spines and 10 soft rays anal fin with three spines and nine soft rays pelvic fin with one spine and six or seven soft rays lateral line scales 32-34 vertebrae 34. One species, Hispidoberyx ambagiosus Kotlyar, 1996, 2004d . Superfamily Cetomimoidea Cetunculi, Xenoberyces, in part . Complete loss of fin spines. The taxonomic history of this group is reviewed in Nelson 1984 and...
Scientific Name Hippopus porcellanus Rose water 1982
Common Names China or Porcelain Clam. Colour Mantle similar to H. hippopus and T. derasa. Distinguishing Characteristics Similar to H. hippopus but shell is thinner and smoother when small. Hippopus porcellanus has numerous fringing tentacles around the incurrent aperture Lucas, 1988 . Max. Length 40 cm 18 in . Natural Habitat This species occurs in the same habitat as H. hippopus but, as mentioned earlier, it has a much smaller geographic range. Aquarium Care Little is known about the...
Table 8 The top ten species of corals imported into the United States the EU and Japan
Totals for number of pieces are derived from importers' data in CITES for years 1997 to 2001. Japan's data are based on exporters' reports for 1997 and years 1999-2001, as Japan's Annual Reports for 1999-2001 are not available and they did not report any coral imports for 1997. Totals for number of pieces are derived from importers' data in CITES for years 1997 to 2001. Japan's data are based on exporters' reports for 1997 and years 1999-2001, as Japan's Annual Reports for 1999-2001 are not...
Distribution And Biogeography
Fishes occur in lakes, streams, estuaries, and oceans throughout the world. In most species of fishes, all individuals live entirely either in fresh or in marine waters. Over 225 species are diadromous, regularly living part of their lives in lakes and rivers and part in the oceans. Among these, most are anadromous, spawning in freshwater but spending much of their time in the sea. A few are catadromous, spawning in the oceans but returning to freshwater. Classification of some species as...
Reproduction Strategies of Corals Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction in corals may occur in two ways some corals are brooders, with fertilization and embryonic development occurring internally, in their coelenteric cavity others are broadcasters, releasing their gametes synchronously into the water wliere fertilization and embryonic development occur Atkinson and Atkinson, 1992 . Depending on the species and its location, the reproductive period may be seasonal, monthly, or continuous Atkinson and Atkinson, 1992 . Synchronization of spawning...
Cryptocoryne Lingua
Description Beautiful small plant, at most 4 in 10 cm high. The leaves, which resemble little spatulas, are oval, bright green and fleshy, with a round tip, th leaf base narrows into the stalk, which constitutes half t lt two-thirds of the length of the leaf. Propagation Easy propagation by rhizome divisior Note that aerial plants multiply more rapidly than submerged ones. Environment Temperature best around 77 F 25 C but the plant will live wed between 60 F 16 C and 86'F 30 X . pH slightly...
Apogon Menesemus
Priacanthus hamrur 284 6-10 xr X i c ackZJ 26 C Priacanthus arenatus 296 2, 13 X C 26 C sg 1.022 40 cm 400L Heteropriacanthus cruentatus 296 Priacanthus tayenus 296 Circumtrop. ri r gt 4 n 26 C 30.5 cm 300L 7-8 S -xr x t gt U 26 C sg 1.022 27.5 cm 300L Priacanthus hamrur 284 6-10 xr X i c ackZJ 26 C 7-8 -NJ- O fc L- 26 C sg 1.022 23 cm 300L Priacanthus arenatus 296 2, 13 X C 26 C sg 1.022 40 cm 400L Apogon apogonides 297 7, 9 -xr .' V Ym U. 7, 9 V-NJ- V U 26 C sg 1.022 10 cm 100L 7, 9 V-NJ- V U...
Epinephelus Akaara
7 - r -A i -X to 26 C sg 1.022 30 cm 500L 5. 7. 9 xr x to 13 26 C sg 1.022 40 cm 500U Epinephelus akaara 284 Epinephelus areolatus 284 5, 7. 9 xr C ni C 26 C sg 1.022 40 cm 500L 7, 9-10 -vr -x 1 to' CD 26 C sg 1.022 50 cm 5C L 7, 26 C sg 1.022 70 cm 800L 5, 7. 9 -vj- to 26 lt C sg 1.022 40 cm 5001 7, 26 C sg 1.022 70 cm 800L 5, 7. 9 -vj- to 26 lt C sg 1.022 40 cm 5001 6-9 -Nr 4 to -J 26 C sg 1.022 80 cm 800L 5. 7-9 x gt ei U 26 C sg 1.022 30 cm m 6-9 -Nr 4 to -J 26 C sg 1.022 80 cm 800L 5. 7-9...
Family Hepsetidae 125African pikes Freshwater tropical Africa
Elongate pikelike body long snout and large mouth with a few large canines and smaller pointed teeth dorsal fin with seven rays placed before origin of anal fin which has nine rays each also with two rudimentary rays pelvic fin with nine rays lateral line scales 49-58, cycloid adipose fin present. Maximum length 65 cm SL. Eggs are laid in a nest of floating foam. This species is considered to be a gamefish. One species, Hepsetus odoe T. R. Roberts in Daget et al., 1984 138-39 Poll and Gosse,...
The Shallow Inshore Habitat
Practically all of the invertebrates collected for the aquarium in the early days came from shallow lagoon than in deeper water, and scuba equipment is not often available to collectors in the developing Rapidly gaining favor among reef enthusiasts are the countries that supply most of the specimens. Thus, species small-polyped scleractinian SPS corals that predominate of macroalgae, corals, and anemones from this habitat have on the outer reef. Outer-reef fauna thus belong in the third been in...
Snappers Coral Breams
SMAUTOOTH JOBFISH Aphaieus fuica SIZE to 40 cm 16 in. Snappers - Lutjanidae ID Blue-gray slender body with large mouth and strongly forked tail, pectoral fins long dark outline on rear edge and bar on gill cover. Solitary or form small groups. Lagoons and seaward reefs in 5 -100 m. Indo-Pacific Red Sea and E. Africa to Panama. - S.W. Japan to Australia. SIZE to 100 cm 3' lt ft. Snappers - Lutjanidae ID Dark green to blue to bluish gray slender cylindrical body with strongly forked tail,...
Proserpinaca palustris Cuba
Cultivated above water and delivered with saw-toothed leaves, which after a transitional period in the aquarium develop into long, finely denticulated, needle-like leaves. In good light conditions it turns a beautiful copper colour and its characteristic appearance is a pleasing contrast to the other plants. Making few demands, Proserpinaca paiustris varies in form according to its origin. The Tropica cultivar is found on the Isla de la Juventud off Cuba. In the USA the plant is commonly known...
Family Diodontidae 510porcupinefishes burrfishes Marine Atlantic Indian and Pacific
Body inflatable body covered with well-developed sharp spines in some species the spines erect only when body is inflated two fused teeth in jaws parrotlike premaxillae and dentaries completely fused to opposite member at midline. Adults inhabit inshore waters while the young are pelagic. Six genera, Allomycterus, Chilomycterus, Cyclichthys, Diodon, Lophodiodon, and Tragulichthys, with 19 species J. M. Leis in Carpenter and Niem, 2001 . Family MOLIDAE 511 molas. Marine tropical and subtropical...
Chapter Seven
These living ecosystems we create, these aquariums, are really living works of art each living plant or animal a combination of colour, pattern and texture. In creating a natural environment we make a sculpture that grows, and this creative process is perhaps the most satisfying aspect of the hobby. In the creation of your living masterpiece you have choices to make, and it is wise to plan from the start what kind of reef you wish to create, what it will look like and what you plan to grow....
Hydrocharitaceae
The members of this genus arc widely spread out in tropical and subtropical regions with a few in the temperate zones. These true aquatic plants have long linear leaves in rosettes that are either coiled or flat. The flowers arc unisexual male flowers and female flowers are separate and are not carried by the same plant, hence they are dioecious. All the species of Vallisneria arc capable of producing runners. Depending upon the size, they can be planted in the background or on the sides of an...
Bright To Very Bright
These plants require a high-intensity light for a large proportion of daylight hours. In most cases, fluorescent tubes will not provide sufficient light to promote good growth. Use metal-halide or mercury vapor lamps. Above Red plants, such as this Myriophyllum tuberculatum, thrive in very bright light. Alternanthera reineckii Ammannia gracilis Bacopa monnieri Blyxa echinosperma Blyxa jap nica Cabomba aqua tica Cabomba piauhyensis Cryptocoryne parva Didiplis diandra Echinodorus macrophyllus...
Epinephelus Longispinis
Sweetlips are closely related to and resemble snappers, but are not quite as large, have smaller mouths, more prominent lips, and lack the snappers' canine teeth. The fishes are known in many regions as grunts because of a grunting sound produced by rubbing flat teeth plates together, which is amplified by adjacent air bladders. The nocturnal predators of bottom-dwelling crustaceans spend daylight hours hovering alone or in groups near the reef's structure. Boldly patterned and erratic swimming...
Order Lepisosteiformes 19gars
Freshwater, occasionally brackish, very rarely in marine water eastern North America, Central America south to Costa Rica , and Cuba. Body and jaws elongate mouth with needlelike teeth abbreviated heterocer-cal tail heavy ganoid scales, about 50-65 along lateral line dorsal fin far back, with few rays three branchiostegal rays interoperculum absent two or more supratemporal bones on each side maxilla small and immobile supramaxilla absent myodome absent vomer...
Subclass Holocephali Subclass Euchondrocephali of Grogan and Lund 2000
Gill cover over the four gill openings, leaving one opening on each side pala-toquadrate fused to cranium holostylic in living forms see above under Chondrichthyes for more detail complete hyoid arch with pharyngohyal present , followed by five gill arches no hyomandibular in suspensorium branchial basket mostly beneath the neurocranium no spiracle opening teeth as a few grinding plates in extant and a few fossil forms e.g., eugeneodontif-orms, Helodus, petalodonts, orodonts, debeeriids,...
Chapter Ten m
The Swissguard Basslet Liopropoma rubre , is but one of many small serranids suitable for the aquarium. Ranging from south Florida and the Bahamas to the Yucat n, this species is found at depths ranging from 10 to 150 feet. It prefers a cool, dimly illuminated aquarium with suitable h iding places among the live rock. It feeds on small, meaty foods and is hardy in captivity. The related Candy Basslet .L. carmabi is less frequently seen, primarily because it is found at greater...
Pseudochromis Veliferus
Luzonichthys microlepis 284 9 -nt gt s 4 to U 26 C sg 1.022 6 cm 60L Luzonichthys microlepis 284 9 -nt gt s 4 to U 26 C sg 1.022 6 cm 60L Olhos dentex 284 Belonoperca chabanaudi 285 12 xt to U 24 C sg 1.023 70 cm 800L 7. 9 vsi ib'J 26 C sg 1.022 14.5 cm 150L Grammistes sexlineatus 285 7-10 v C i a 26 C sg 1.022 27 cm 300L 7. 9 ri X I BC 26 C sg 1.022 10 cm 10 L Pseudogramma polyacantha 285 Pseudogramma gregoryi 285 6-9 xr X V SC 26 C sg 1.022 7 cm 80L C 24 C sg 1.023 7.5 cm 80L r. 7 a s. r, fi...
Cirri pec tes stigma ticus 395
6-8 xr t V Z3 26 C sg 1.022 10 cm 100L Ecsenius gravieri 395 Ecsenius gravieri 395 9-10 xr i y te El 26 C sg 1.022 8 cm 100L 9-10 xj- lt tel E 26CC sg 1.022 8 cm 100L Ecsenius pulcher 395 9-Nr -V . fce 26 C sg 1.022 7 cm 70L 9- r m 26 C sg 1.022 7 cm 70L Ecsenius lividanalis 395 Ecsenius lividanalis 395 7 -vT gt ZJ 26 C sg 1.022 4 cm 50L7 r t 26 C sg 1.022 4 cm 50L Ecsenius aroni 395 Ecsenius pulcher 395 10-XT 26 C sg 1.028 4 cm 50L 26 C sg 1.022 7 cm 70L Ecsenius aroni 395 Ecsenius pulcher 395...
Chaetodon Plebeius
Chaetodon flavirostris 338 6, 8, 12-NJ- O V SS El 26 C Chaetodon wiebeli 338 7 NT O V 8 a 26 C sg 1.022 19 5, 7 xr C V te E2 26 C sg 1.022 19 cm 200L Chaetodon adiergastos 338 7 xr C V te E 26 C sg 1.022 19 cm 200L 9- rCV amp Sl 26 C sg 1.022 12 cm 200L 5, 7 xr C V te E2 26 C sg 1.022 19 cm 200L Chaetodon adiergastos 338 7 xr C V te E 26 C sg 1.022 19 cm 200L 9- rCV amp Sl 26 C sg 1.022 12 cm 200L Chaetodon mesoleucos 338 lOxrOVteE 26 C sg 1.030 15 cm 200L Chaetodon meyeri 338 6-7, 9 -Nr O V te...
Nuphar japnica
Common name Spatterdock Origin Japan Spatterdock's light green, triangular leaves contrast well with many plants in the aquarium. Ideally, it should be used singly in the midground with plenty of surrounding space. It has no special demands, but softer water will help to keep it healthy. Very bright light will prevent the leaves from reaching the water surface. To keep the plant short, simply remove the larger or older leaves. Maximum height spread Leaves will grow 6 in 15 cm long and stems...
Other Plants Of Interest
Common name Congo anubias Origin West Africa Maximum height 18 in 45 cm Growth rate Slow Area Background, Specimen or unusual Light Undemanding avoid very bright light. Temperature 72-82 F 22-28 C Propagation From side shoots or by dividing the rhizome Difficulty I, 2 This adaptable and undemanding anubias has become more widely available in recent years. It will grow quite tall, so is best suited to the background of the aquarium. The thick, leathery leaves are terrestrial in appearance. The...
Micranthemum Umbrosum
This process is called photosynthesis. In biology class we learned that the photosynthesis of plants is the basis for all life on earth. In their natural environment, plants as a rule are constantly supplied with sufficient carbon dioxide. In the aquarium, on the other hand, the amount of carbon dioxide respired by the fishes is too small to ensure a lasting CO., supply for the plants. The available carbon dioxide is used up in the process of photosynthesis. As a...
Echinodorus Red Flame073H
DID YOU KNOW Time spent out of water provides strength for life under water In the wild nine out of ten tropical aquarium plants are capable of surviving both above and below the water surface. They are known as amphibious plants - plants which can adapt to long dry periods above water when the water level in rivers and streams drops. They actually make use of the time with the sun shining on the damp, nutritious soil which once was a river bed, gathering strength for the underwater existence...
Family Parrotfishes Scaridae 7 Genera 41 Species Included
Virtually every reef in the Indo-Pacific is home to a bustling community of parrotfishes. These robust assemblies are typified by foraging herds of nondescript, two- to six-inch females, and large, solitary, brightly colored males, which spend their day methodically taking bite after bite of algae from the bottom. Parrotfishes share many traits with their close relatives and forerunners, the wrasses. Members of both families swim primarily with their pectoral fins, change sex from females to...
Apogon Leptocaulus
U 26 C sg 1.022 10 cm 100L Apogon ruppelli 297 Apogon norfolcensis 297 12 ci xr V l 26 C sg 1.022 10 cm 100L 11-12 - r 1 amp 26 C sg 1.022 15 cm 150L Apogon maculatus 297 2 ci -vi- V S3 O 25 C sg Apogon pseudomaculatus 297 2 -NT C V U 26 C sg 1.022 8 cm 80L Apogon aurolineatus 297 2 - r C V Sa -J 26 C sg 1.022 5 cm 50L Apogon quadrisquamatus 297 2 vOVSG 26 C sg 1.022 8 cm 80L Apogon leptocaulus 297 7,9 -NJ- C fe LJ 26 lt Apogon pacifici 297 Apogon dovii 297 3 lt t O V S O 26 C sg...
The Smithsonian Style Aquarium
Walter Adey of the Smithsonian Institution places heavy emphasis on the role of specially cultivated turfs composed of various species of algae Adey and Loveland, 1991 . This is commonly known as the Algal Turf-Scrubber approach, and it is currently more common in institutional aquarium installations than in the hobbyist world. Periodic harvesting of a portion of the algae growth serves to export accumulated wastes. In other words, such systems rely heavily upon...
From terrestrial sources such as freshwater runoff resulting in
This is particularly pronounced when the land is heavily forested. Islands or coastlines that are drier tend to show reef formations more like those found on oceanic reefs. Both stony and soft coral diversity tends to be lower on near-shore reefs Along the coastline, one can often find extensive mangrove beds. These areas are home to many of the juvenile forms of creatures found on the nearby reef. It is not unusual to find some stony corals in this area as well,...
Suborder Doridacea
The Doridacea contain over 25 families and is the most familiar form of nudibranch to aquarists. They are characterized by having two prominent rhinophores horn-like projections on the head that are involved in chemoreception. Dorids also have a dorso- Above Phyllida nudibranchs can release toxins into the water. S.W. Michael. A dorid nudibranch on the left and a small aeolid nudibranch on the right. S.W. Michael. ventrally flattened body where the edge of the back extends over the foot. At the...
Scientific Name Tridacna maxima Roding 1798
Common Names Great, Maxima, or Rugose Clam Colour Tridacna maxima displays a wide variety of colours and patterns, exhibiting combinations of blue, brown, green, grey, purple and yellow in stripes, blotches and spots. Usually there are larger areas of solid colour, such as blue, than in the other species. For example, certain individuals from the Red Sea can be almost solid blue. Often but not always has a prominent row of black pigmented eye spots along the outer edge of the mantle....
Halichoeres Podostigma
7-9 lt V e E 26 C sg 1.022 18 cm 200L 7-9 lt V e E 26 C sg 1.022 18 cm 200L 6-10 C V a E3 26 C sg 1.022 25 cm 300L 6-10 C V a E3 26 C sg 1.022 25 cm 300L Thalassoma quinquevittatum 358 d 6-9 O Vi 3 26 C sg 1.022 17 cm 200L Thalassoma quinquevittatum 358 d 6-9 O Vi 3 26 C sg 1.022 17 cm 200L Thalassoma genivittatum 358 9 OVSQ 26 C sg 1.022 20 cm 200L Thalassoma genivittatum 358 9 OVSQ 26 C sg 1.022 20 cm 200L 7-9 ova ta 26 C sg 1.022 18 cm 200L 6-10 C V C E 26 C sg 1.022 25 cm 300L 7 C V El 26 C...
Phylum Cnidaria
Aiptasia spp. anemones are probably one of the most bothersome pests in the reef aquarium. In some cases they can proliferate so quickly that they can completely cover an entire aquarium in only a few months. In aquariums that receive regular feedings, they can multiply even faster. Some aquarists consider this is a desirable thing and they proudly present these aquariums as reef tanks'1, Aiptasia anemones stinging a colony of star polyps, Pachyclavularia sp. S.W. Michael. however, we do not...
Loglossus Calliurus
7. 9 xr C. r gt Z3 26 C sg 1.022 8 cm 80L 3 xr i r ZI 266C sg 1.022 11.4 cm 100L Gobionellus stigmalophius 403 2 -vr C V to U 26 C sg 1.022 16.5 cm 200L Gobionellus stigmaticus 403 Gobionelfus saepepallens 403 n 26reC sg 1.022 8 cm 100L 2vf na 26 C sg 1.022 5 cm 50L 5, 7 m v B 23 C sg 1.024 8.5 cm 100L 5,7v lt r to -J 23 C sg 1.024 9 cm 100L 5,7v lt r to -J 23 C sg 1.024 9 cm 100L Gobionellus stigmaticus 403 Gobionelfus saepepallens 403 n 26reC sg 1.022 8 cm 100L 2vf na 26 C sg 1.022 5 cm 50L...
Marine Invertebrates
There is potentially a much larger market for reef aquari- extremely delicate aquariums subjects. For example, Stan ums than at present. When people learn what can be done Brown of the Breeder's Registry has a photograph depict- with a 30-gallon tank, provided a few simple techniques ing spawning by captive Orange-spotted Filefish Oxy- are mastered, dealers will sell more of them, along with the monacanthus longirostris . This species is generally livestock to go in them. This can only help the...
Family Nemipteridae 376threadfin breams Marine tropical and subtropical Indo West Pacific
Dorsal fin continuous, with 10 spines and nine soft rays anal fin with three spines and seven or eight soft rays caudal fin in some with filament off upper lobe six branchiostegal rays gill membranes free from isthmus subocular shelf and accessory subpelvic keel well developed opisthotic intercalar well developed lost or fused in the three related families 24 vertebrae. Nemipterids, part of the sparoid assemblage, appear to be most closely related to lethrinids. As proposed in a 1980 study by...